ONE of the topics that its fate is not specified explicitly in civil law is the situation of persons dying without heir. This is a controversial debate among jurisprudents and lawyers, but three theories can be drawn and investigated out of these controversies. The first group of jurisprudents holds that the person without heir, like other people, is entitled to dispose up to ONE THIRD of his property by will and no ONE, even Imam, has enforcement authority over the excess of ONE-THIRD. The second group believes that in the case where a person dies without heir his property belongs to the state, but if he has disposed more than ONE- THIRD of his property exclusively for charity his will is correct, but he has no right to do so in cases other than charity. The THIRD category believes that a person without heir is completely free to dispose all of his property to whoever he wishes by will. It seems that with respect to the philosophy of ONE-THIRD to preserve the rights of heirs, the current law, in the case of absence of such an obstacle, should take the THIRD view as correct. The context of the civil law in the cases pertaining to the permission of the heirs to enforce the will in excess of ONE-THIRD of the heritage also supports this claim.

Sea shells are natural-biological objects. They are embedded in geological layers in the form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use the provenance of shells in the functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology and prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of the Iranian Plateau have shown that from the 3rd THIRD millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such shells were for instance discovered from ritual cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. These objects are mainly used as natural or polished shells. In some cases, they served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, and other ornamental objects.. The main question is to understand the relationship between the use of seashells and archaeological context, and also, their role in Bronze Age ritual life. In this article, the descriptive, analytical method has been used in the biological recognition of all types of shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of the Sumerian-Akkadian period. The distribution of recognizable species shows that these objects are concentrated in the settlements from south to southeast of Iran in the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf, and from the Oman Sea to the Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in the northwest and northeast of Iran. The biological origin can be placed in the northern shores of the Oman Sea to the Gulf of Kutch on the northern coast of the Indian Ocean. It seems that with the growth and development of urbanization in Southwest Asia and especially the development of sea trade, oysters have been traded as valuable goods and other prestige goods. The importance of the shell findings is more than the value of the shells themselves because they were used as sacred goods in religious affairs. Analysis of the fields where the shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries and temples as sacred spaces. Also, the significant presence of Lambis shells for the production of specific ritual bowls, placed together with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as the reflection of a patriarchic tradition in the social-political organisiation of the THIRD and second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations and the discovery of many samples of these types of shells, no furthergoing investigation on these specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in the archeology of the Iranian plateau. Therefore, ONE of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing the context of the discovery of seashells in future Excavation

In this paper, recommended spiral passive micromixer was designed and simulated. spiral design has the potential to create and strengthen the centrifugal force and the secondary flow. A series of simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel width, channel depth, the gap between loops, and flowrate on the micromixer performance. These features impact the contact area of the two fluids and ultimately lead to an increment in the quality of the mixture. In this study, for the flow rate of 25 μl/min and molecular diffusion coefficient of 1×10-10 m2/s, mixing efficiency of more than 90% is achieved after 30 (approximately ONE-THIRD of the total channel length). Finally, the optimized design fabricated using proposed 3D printing method.

ONE of the unanimous issues in jurisprudence and Islamic law is that the will is limited to ONE-THIRD of the heritage and its surplus is subject to permission from the heirs. But if there is no heir, there is disagreement about whether the limitation of THIRD still remains or the testator has complete freedom. Given that, a group of experts believes that the will is limited to the THIRD and the surplus belongs to Imam (Governor). Another group believes in the absolute freedom of testator and validity of such testament. Others go into details and separate between wills to charity and other wills and maintain that only charitable testament is valid and other wills are limited to the THIRD. This study examines the arguments presented for different ideas and considers the theory of limitation of the testator without heir to ONE-THIRD of the property as a stronger theory. From the legal point of view it is also more compatible with the provisions of the Civil Code.

Historically,  continuity and discontinuity of socio-cultural processes of the Iranian culture and civilization and its Iranian descents has always been ONE of the essential problems which should be approached in both Oriental studies and Iranistics. For instance, if ONE takes a look at the works of some piONEers in Iranistics, such as T. Nöldeke,  E. G. Browne, B. G. Fragner and M. Qazwini, Iranistics has been left for linguistics and literary approaches, rather than historical ONE. The academic methodology of Iranistics, however, should be more supported by diverse disciplines. Of these, the archaeology of historic millennia of Iran should be marked. In this field, the innovative works of the late Ali Akbar Sarfarāz (1926-2024) seems noticeable as the archaeological reflection of the continuous lineage in the historical existence of Iran:Ali Akbar Kārgar Sarafrāz, nicknamed Sarfarāz, the piONEer Iranian field archaeologist, passed away on February 20, 2024. The years 1961-2001 should be noted as his flourishing years of career including the archaeological expeditions, management and academic activities in the Iranian ministry of art and culture, National Museum of Iran, Universities of Tehran and Tarbiatmodarres and finally the institutes of SAMT and NAZAR. Review of his professional career presents that the idea of Iran and enquiry on the historical processes relevant to the two millennia of Iranian heritage, from the Medes to the Ilkhanates, has been the main theme of his archaeological expeditions:The excavations of archaeological sites that each of them, in any way, present not only the name of Iran and its history-makers but indicate the continuity of historical and socio-cultural processes of Iranian culture and civilization as well as its people of Iranian descent: The fire temple of Nushijān Tepe in Malāyer, the Achaemenid palace of Cyrus the great in Borāzjān, the Achaemenid remnants in the Island of Khārk, Persian Gulf, the Mithraeum in Masjid-e Soleymān, the Sassanid bas-relives from Tang-e Chogān, the temple of Anahita in Bishāpur, the Seljukid Friday Mosque of Ardabil, the Ilkhanate observatory of Maragheh, Rab'-e Rashidi, the Arch of Alishah in Tabriz and the Grand Fire Temple of Āzargoshnasp in Azerbaijan and its Sassanid iwan of Khosrow which were rebuilt as the Ilkhanate palace of Ābāghā Khān. According to himself, the result of his 7000 days of work and life in deserts was the excavation of 16 archaeological sites, exploration of 32 others and finally registration of  430 heritage sites in the National List of Iranian Heritage; all of them from the Medes to the Ilkhanates.Additionally, Sarfarāz should be regarded as the piONEer of Ilkhanid archaeology of Iran (Ajorloo, 2009): Although the historical approach to the Ilkhanid period, which is the renaissance Age of Iranian culture, has been commenced by the master works of some academic figures, e.g. "The Problems of Ilkhanid Period" by the late M. Mortazavi (1962, 1979) the former head of Iranian studies in the University of Azerbaijan (today: Tabriz), but the archaeological excavations to the Ilkhanid key sites in Iran have been directed by A. A. Sarfarāz:Takht-e Soleymān (Kiāni & Sarfarāz, 1968), the Ilkhanid Observatory of Maragheh- by the order and financial support of University of Azerbaijan and contribution of the late P. Varjāvand (1987)- the southern Iwan of the Arch of Tabriz (Ajorloo & Mazhari, 2023) and finally Rab'-e Rashidi, 1979. These are four of six Ilkhanate key sites of Iran which include the archaeological materials from two problematic centuries of Iranian sioco-cultural and political developments: the Age of Khwāja Nair al-Din and the Age of Khwāja Rashid al-Din. During these two centuries Tabriz turned into the renaissance capital of Iranian art, culture and civilization. Meanwhile, "IRAN" is the most frequent word in historical and literary sources of this period.  

Due to the high prevalence of osteoporosis in Iran and its relationship with bONE fractures and reduced life expectancy in these patients and the knowledge that early diagnosis and timely treatment reduces the financial burden on the treatment system and the burden of disease complications on patients. Density of ONE-THIRD distal radius was performed in patients prONE to primary osteoporosis.This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed during 2019 with the participation of 71 patients referred to orthopedic clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Clinical examinations and bONE density measurements were performed for them and its relationship with distal THIRD radius fractures was investigated. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test. Sensitivity of ONE-THIRD of the distal radius T-score compared to femoral neck T-score in terms of diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopenia 82.35 and 51%, respectively, and its specificity 46.51%, and for total lumbar vertebrae in terms of diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopenia, respectively. 92.31% and 65.62% and its specificity was 30.77%. According to the findings of this study, the study of ONE distal ONE-THIRD mineral density of radius bONE by DXA method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis has a significant sensitivity and has a significant relationship with the density of lumbar vertebrae (femur).